The United States’ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a world leader in scientific and technological achievements in all areas of space exploration and human space flight. The resulting technology and achievements from NASA missions have forever changed the United States and the world at large.
NASA’s Vision
“We reach for new heights and reveal the unknown for the benefit of humankind.”
NASA’s Mission
“Drive advances in science, technology, aeronautics, and space exploration to enhance knowledge, education, innovation, economic vitality, and stewardship of Earth.”
Table of Contents
History of NASA
NASA was built from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and other government organizations to be a centralize entity for the United States’ civil aerospace research and development. Early Soviet space achievement pushed the United States to consolidate and focus their aerospace efforts.
NASA officially opened on October 1, 1958 and has been leading ground breaking missions ever since. Project Mercury was NASA’s first high profile program. The goal of this project was to understand if humans could survive in space. The second high profile project was Project Gemini. This was a space craft built for two astronauts with the goal of perfecting the capabilities needed for human space flight.
During the space race with the Soviet Union NASA pledged to put humans on the Moon by the end of the 1960s. The Appollo 11 mission achieved this milestone in July 1969. Project Appollo continued with five more successful lunar landings through 1972. NASA’s human space flight projects took a back seat during the mid-1970s but resumed in 1981 with the Space Shuttle program.
The Shuttle Program spanned 30 years and brought breakthrough in technology and was essential to the construction of the International Space Station (ISS).
Where is NASA?
NASA headquarters are in Washing D.C. United Sates but there are 16 other locations spread throughout the United State’s coast lines.
Trickle Down Technology
Because NASA is funded by the American peoples’ tax dollars as long as the technology is not a matter of national security, it eventually makes its way out into public domain. There are many technologies we have today that would not have been possible without NASA’s pursuit of space travel.
- Camera Phones: Developed in the 1990’s by a team at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) (NASA’s only federally funded research center). They were trying to create a camera small enough to fit on a space craft but retain high scientific quality. Today more than one third of all cameras use this technology.
- CAT Scans: Once again JPL was a major leader in developing this technology. Space programs need very high-quality digital images. This technology was used to help create CAT scanner and radiography.
- LEDs: Red LEDs are used in space to grow plants. NASA’s LED technology has contributed to the development of medical devices.
- Land Mine Removal: NASA’s surplus rocket fuel is used by Thiokol Propulsion to safely destroy landmines. It can bure a hole through the landmine without detonating it.
- Athletic Shoes: A former NASA engineer pitched the idea that the technology used in their space suit contrition could be use for more everyday needs.
- Dust Busters: NASA collaborated with Black & Decker to develop a lightweight device that could collect samples on the Moon. Black & Deck released the Dust Buster in 1979.
- Jaws of Life: There is an explosive charge used on the Space Shuttle that separates devices. This technology was miniaturized and is what powers the Jaws of Life.
- Baby Formula: The nutrients used in baby formula can be traced back to a NASA sponsored research project.
These are just a few of the countless technologies the world benefits from when scientist push the boundaries of technology and exploration.
Key Human Space Flight Missions
- Project Mercury: First United States program to put humans into space. 25 missions spanned between 1961 and 1963, six of which carried astronauts.
- The Gemini Program: Focused on testing equipment, mission procedures, trained astronauts, and ground crews for future Apollo missions. This program’s goal was to test an astronaut’s ability to survive a long flight, 14 days.
- The Apollo Program: Landed the first humans on the Moon and safely returned them to Earth in 1969.
- Skylab: Paved the way for the International Space Station in 1973.
- Apollo Soyuz Test Project: After the space race the United States and the Soviet Union collaborated on this project, paving the way for many international collaborations during the space shuttle era.
- Space Shuttle Era: Over a span of 30 years NASA’s space shuttle fleet flew 135 missions and carried 355 people into space. This was humanities first reusable spacecraft. The fleet included Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavor.
Key Space Based Observatories
In modern space exploration many nations collaborate on missions and observatories. Below is a list of some of the most groundbreaking observatories, their collaborators, and their key impacts on our understanding of planets and the Universe.
Hubble Space Telescope
Collaborators: NASA / European Space Agency (ESA)
Operation: 1990
Wavebands: Visible, UV, Near-Infrared
Target: Deep Space Objects
Hubble is the first of NASA’s four Great Observatories and has been exploring space from Earth orbit for over 20 years. Hubble has opened a window into the scale of the Universe, black holes, formation of the first galaxies, and the life cycle of stars.
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Collaborators: NASA
Operation: 1999
Wavebands: X-Ray
Target: Various
Chandra is the world’s most powerful X-ray telescope and the third of NASA’s four Great Observatories. Chandra observes x-rays being emitted by some of the Universe’s most powerful and strangest objects. It has found numerous hidden black holes, shone a light on the supermassive black hole in the center of our Milky Way, and took the first x-ray images of Mars.
Spitzer Space Telescope
Collaborators: NASA
Operation: 2003
Wavebands: Infrared
Target: Distant and Nearby Objects
Spitzer is the fourth and final of NASA’s Great Observatories. It observes infrared emitting objects such as black holes, distant galaxies, and even comets shooting through our solar system. Spitzer was the first telescope to see light from an exoplanet.
Kepler Mission
Collaborators: NASA
Operation: 2009
Wavebands: Visible
Target: Exoplanets
Kepler’s mission is to hunt for exoplanets throughout our galaxy. It is specifically searching for planets that are Earth like.
James Webb Space Telescope
Collaborators: NASA / ESA / CSA (Canadian Space Agency)
Operation: 2021
Wavebands: Primarily Infrared, some visible
Target: Deep space objects and planetary systems
James Webb recently released its first spectacular images. The key goals for this telescope are to search for the first luminous objects after the Big Bang, gain key insights into galaxy evolution, observe the formation of the first stars and planetary systems, research the physical and chemical properties of planetary systems including our own solar system, and last but not least, investigate the potential for life in those planetary systems.
NASA along with its collaborators continue to push boundaries in space exploration and aeronautics research. Their work has forever changed the way we build and fly airplanes, send humans into space, and explore our solar system and beyond.
References:
https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/comparisonWebbVsHubble.html#wavelength
https://jwst-docs.stsci.edu/jwst-observatory-hardware/jwst-spacecraft-bus/jwst-communications-subsystem
https://webb.nasa.gov/content/meetTheTeam/team.html#:~:text=The%20James%20Webb%20Space%20Telescope,Canadian%20Space%20Agency%20(CSA).
https://webb.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/facts.html
https://www.space.com/6716-major-space-telescopes.html
https://www.nasa.gov/specials/60counting/spaceflight.html
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/20-inventions-we-wouldnt-have-without-space-travel
https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/NASAFacilitiesAndCenters.pdf
https://obamaadministration.archives.performance.gov/agency/national-aeronautics-and-space-administration.html#:~:text=NASA’s%20Vision%3A%20We%20reach%20for,vitality%2C%20and%20stewardship%20of%20Earth.
https://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-history-overview
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